Journal of Powder Materials

Articles

[Korean]
Microstructural and Wear Properties of WC-based and Cr₃C₂-based Cermet Coating Materials Manufactured with High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process: Yeon-Ji Kang, Gi-Su Ham, Hyung-Jun Kim, Sang-Hoon Yoon, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2018;25(5):408-414. Published online October 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2018.25.5.408

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This study investigates the microstructure and wear properties of cermet (ceramic + metal) coating materials manufactured using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process. Three types of HVOF coating layers are formed by depositing WC-12Co, WC-20Cr-7Ni, and Cr₃C₂-20NiCr (wt.%) powders on S45C steel substrate. The porosities of the coating layers are 1 ± 0.5% for all three specimens. Microstructural analysis confirms the formation of second carbide phases of W2C, Co6W6C, and Cr7C3 owing to decarburizing of WC phases on WC-based coating layers. In the case of WC-12Co coating, which has a high ratio of W2C phase with high brittleness, the interface property between the carbide and the metal binder slightly decreases. In the Cr₃C₂-20CrNi coating layer, decarburizing almost does not occur, but fine cavities exist between the splats. The wear loss occurs in the descending order of Cr₃C₂-20NiCr, WC-12Co, and WC-20Cr-7Ni, where WC-20Cr-7Ni achieves the highest wear resistance property. It can be inferred that the ratio of the carbide and the binding properties between carbide–binder and binder–binder in a cermet coating material manufactured with HVOF as the primary factors determine the wear properties of the cermet coating material.

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Tribological Behavior Analysis of WC-Ni-Cr + Cr₃C₂ and WC-Ni-Cr + YSZ Coatings Sprayed by HVOF
Tae-Jun Park, Gye-Won Lee, Yoon-Suk Oh
journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2023; 30(5): 415. CrossRef
Effects of different HVOF thermal sprayed cermet coatings on tensile and fatigue properties of AISI 1045 steel
Gi-Su Ham, R. Kreethi, Hyung-jun Kim, Sang-hoon Yoon, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Materials Research and Technology.2021; 15: 6647. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Microstructure and Properties of Kinetic Sprayed Tantalum Coating Layer: Ji-Hye Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2015;22(1):32-38. Published online February 1, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2015.22.1.32

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The effect of heat treatment environment on the microstructure and properties of tantalum coating layer manufactured by kinetic spraying was examined. Heat treatments are conducted for one hour at 800°C, 900°C, and 1000°C in two different environments of vacuum and Ar gas. Evaluation of microstructure and physical properties are conducted. High density α- tantalum single phase coating layer with a porosity of 0.04% and hardness of 550 Hv can be obtained. As heat treatment temperature increases, porosity identically decreases regardless of heat treatment environment (vacuum and Ar gas). Hardness of heat treated coating layer especially in Ar gas environment deceases from 550 Hv to 490 Hv with increasing heat treatment temperature. That in vacuum environment deceases from 550 Hv to 530 Hv. The boundary between particles became vague as heat treatment temperature increases. Oxygen distribution of tantalum coating layer is minute after heat treatment in vacuum environment than Ar gas environment.

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Sintering Behavior and Microstructures of Tantalum and Tantalum-Tungsten Alloys Powders
Youngmoo Kim, Sung Ho Yang, Seong Lee, Sung Ho Lee, Joon-Woong Noh
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2020; 27(5): 373. CrossRef

[Korean]
Manufacturing of Cu Repair Coating Material Using the Kinetic Spray Process and Changes in the Microstructures and Properties by Heat Treatment: Min-Gwang Jeon, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2014;21(5):349-354. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2014.21.5.349

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This study is a basic research for repair material production which manufactured a Cu repair coating layer on the base material of a Cu plate using kinetic spray process. Furthermore, the manufactured material underwent an annealing heat treatment, and the changes of microstructure and macroscopic properties in the Cu repair coating layer and base material were examined. The powder feedstocks were sphere-shaped pure Cu powders with an average size of 27.7 μm. The produced repair coating material featured 600 μm thickness and 0.8% porosity, and it had an identical α-Cu single phase as the early powder. The produced Cu repair coating material and base material displayed extremely high adhesion characteristics that produced a boundary difficult to identify. Composition analysis confirmed that the impurities in the base material and repair coating material had no significant differences. Microstructure observation after a 500°C/1hr. heat treatment (vacuum condition) identified recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in the repair coating material and featured a more homogeneous microstructure. The hardness difference (ΔH_v) between the repair coating material and base material significantly reduced from 87 to 34 after undergoing heat treatment.

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Manufacturing of Large-Scale Cold-Sprayed Ta Target Material and Its Sputtering Property
Gi-Su Ham, Dong-Yeol Wi, Jun-Mo Yang, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology.2019; 28(8): 1974. CrossRef
High-temperature thermo-mechanical behavior of functionally graded materials produced by plasma sprayed coating: Experimental and modeling results
Kang Hyun Choi, Hyun-Su Kim, Chang Hyun Park, Gon-Ho Kim, Kyoung Ho Baik, Sung Ho Lee, Taehyung Kim, Hyoung Seop Kim
Metals and Materials International.2016; 22(5): 817. CrossRef
Fabrication and Microstructure/Properties of Bulk-typeTantalum Material by a Kinetic Spray Process
Ji-Hye Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2016; 23(1): 8. CrossRef
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Microstructure and Properties of Kinetic Sprayed Tantalum Coating Layer
Ji-Hye Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2015; 22(1): 32. CrossRef

[English]
Manufacturing and Macroscopic Properties of Cold Sprayed Cu-Ga Coating Material for Sputtering Target: Young-Min Jin, Min-Gwang Jeon, Dong-Yong Park, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2013;20(4):245-252.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.4.245

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This study attempted to manufacture a Cu-Ga coating layer via the cold spray process and to investigate the applicability of the layer as a sputtering target material. In addition, changes made to the microstructure and properties of the layer due to annealing heat treatment were evaluated, compared, and analyzed. The results showed that coating layers with a thickness of 520 mm could be manufactured via the cold spray process under optimal conditions. With the Cu-Ga coating layer, the alpha-Cu and Cu_3Ga were found to exist inside the layer regardless of annealing heat treatment. The microstructure that was minute and inhomogeneous prior to thermal treatment changed to homogeneous and dense with a more clear division of phases. A sputtering test was actually conducted using the sputtering target Cu-Ga coating layer (~2 mm thickness) that was additionally manufactured via the cold-spray coating process. Consequently, this test result confirmed that the cold sprayed Cu-Ga coating layer may be applied as a sputtering target material.

Citations

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Microscopic Examination of Cold Spray Cermet Sn+In2O3Coatings for Sputtering Target Materials
M. Winnicki, A. Baszczuk, M. Rutkowska-Gorczyca, M. Jasiorski, A. Małachowska, W. Posadowski, Z. Znamirowski, A. Ambroziak
Scanning.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef
Effect of powder alloy composition on the microstructure and properties of kinetic sprayed Cu-Ga based coating materials
Byung-Chul Choi, Dong-Yong Park, Kee-Ahn Lee
Metals and Materials International.2016; 22(4): 649. CrossRef
Manufacturing and Properties of CGI-based Composite Coating Layer Utilizing a Warm Spray Process and Cu-Ga and Cu-In Mixed Powders
Min-Gwang Jeon, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyeong-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(3): 229. CrossRef
Manufacturing of Cu Repair Coating Material Using the Kinetic Spray Process and Changes in the Microstructures and Properties by Heat Treatment
Min-Gwang Jeon, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(5): 349. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Carrier Gases on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti Coating Layers Manufactured by Cold Spraying: Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2013;20(1):24-32.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2013.20.1.024

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Abstract PDF: The effect of carrier gases (He, N_2) on the properties of Ti coating layers were investigated to manufacture high-density Ti coating layers. Cold spray coating layers manufactured using He gas had denser and more homogenous structures than those using N_2 gas. The He gas coating layers showed porosity value of 0.02% and hardness value of Hv 229.1, indicating more excellent properties than the porosity and hardness of N_2 gas coating layers. Bond strengths were examined, and coating layers manufactured using He recorded a value of 74.3 MPa; those manufactured using N_2 gas had a value of 64.6 MPa. The aforementioned results were associated with the fact that, when coating layers were manufactured using He gas, the powder could be easily deposited because of its high particle impact velocity. When Ti coating layers were manufactured by the cold spray process, He carrier gas was more suitable than N_2 gas for manufacturing excellent coating layers.

[Korean]
Effects of Powder Morphology and Powder Preheating on the Properties and Deposition Behavior of Titanium Coating Layer Manufactured by Cold Spraying: Jae-Nam Hwang, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2012;19(5):348-355.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2012.19.5.348

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6 Citations

Abstract PDF

Cold spray deposition using Titanium powder was carried out to investigate the effects of powder morphology and powder preheating on the coating properties such as porosity and hardness. The in-flight particle velocity of Ti powder in cold spray process was directly measured using the PIV (particle image velocimetry) equipment. Two types of powders (spherical and irregular ones) were used to manufacture cold sprayed coating layer. The results showed that the irregular morphology particle appeared higher in-flight particle velocity than that of the spherical one under the same process condition. The coating layer using irregular morphology powder represented lower porosity level and higher hardness. Two different preheating conditions (no preheating and preheating at 500°C) were used in the process of cold spraying. The porosity decreased and the hardness increased by conducting preheating at 500°C. It was found that the coating properties using different preheating conditions were dependent not on the particle velocity but on the deformation temperature of particle. The deposition mechanism of particles in cold spray process was also discussed based on the experimental results of in flight-particle velocity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Solid-state cold spray additive manufacturing of pure tantalum with extraordinary high-temperature mechanical properties
Young-Kyun Kim, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Materials Research and Technology.2023; 23: 5698. CrossRef
Effect of Fe Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Al-Mo-V-Cr-Fe Alloys
K.C. Bae, J.J. Oak, Y.H. Kim, Y.H. Park
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2017; 62(2): 1105. CrossRef
Effects Of Process Parameters On Cu Powder Synthesis Yield And Particle Size In A Wet-Chemical Process
Y.M. Shin, J.-H. Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2015; 60(2): 1247. CrossRef
Property Evaluation of Kinetic Sprayed Al-Ni Composite Coatings
GyeongJun Byun, JaeIck Kim, Changhee Lee, SeeJo Kim, Seong Lee
Journal of Welding and Joining.2014; 32(5): 72. CrossRef
Manufacturing and Properties of CGI-based Composite Coating Layer Utilizing a Warm Spray Process and Cu-Ga and Cu-In Mixed Powders
Min-Gwang Jeon, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyeong-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(3): 229. CrossRef
Effect of Carrier Gases on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti Coating Layers Manufactured by Cold Spraying
Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2013; 20(1): 24. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Densification of Cold Sprayed Ti Coating Layer: Ji-Sang Yu, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2012;19(2):110-116.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2012.19.2.110

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6 Citations

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This study investigated the effects of annealing environment for the densification and purification properties of pure titanium coating layer manufactured by cold spraying. The annealing was conducted at 600°C/1 h and three kinds of environments of vacuum, Ar gas, and 5%H_2+Ar mixture gas were controlled. Cold sprayed Ti coating layer (as sprayed) represented 6.7% of porosity and 228 HV of hardness, showing elongated particle shapes (severe plastic deformation) perpendicular to injection direction. Regardless of gas environments, all thermally heat treated coating layers consisted of pure alpha-Ti and minimal oxide. Vacuum environment during heat treatment represented superior densification properties (3.8% porosity, 156.7 HV) to those of Ar gas (5.3%, 144.5 HV) and 5%H_2+Ar mixture gas (5.5%, 153.1 HV). From the results of phase analysis (XRD, EPMA, SEM, EDS), it was found that the vacuum environment during heat treatment could be effective for reducing oxide contents (purification) in the Ti coating layer. The characteristic of microstructural evolution with heat treatment was found to be different at three different gas environments. The controlling method for improving densification and purification in the cold sprayed Ti coating material was also discussed.

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Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Microstructure and Propertiesof Kinetic Sprayed Nb Coating Material
Ji-Hye Lee, Sangsun Yang, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2016; 23(1): 15. CrossRef
Fabrication and Microstructure/Properties of Bulk-typeTantalum Material by a Kinetic Spray Process
Ji-Hye Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2016; 23(1): 8. CrossRef
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Microstructure and Properties of Kinetic Sprayed Tantalum Coating Layer
Ji-Hye Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2015; 22(1): 32. CrossRef
Effect of Powder Preheating Temperature on the Properties of Titanium Coating Layers Manufactured by Kinetic Spraying
Kee-Ahn Lee, Myeong-Ju Lee, Ji-Sang Yu, Hyung-Jun Kim
MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS.2014; 55(3): 622. CrossRef
Effect of Carrier Gases on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti Coating Layers Manufactured by Cold Spraying
Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2013; 20(1): 24. CrossRef
Effects of Powder Morphology and Powder Preheating on the Properties and Deposition Behavior of Titanium Coating Layer Manufactured by Cold Spraying
Jae-Nam Hwang, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(5): 348. CrossRef

[Korean]
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Properties of Cold Sprayed Cu-15 at.%Ga Coating Material for Sputtering Target: Byung-Chul Choi, Dong-Yong Park, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee; J Korean Powder Metall Inst. 2011;18(6):552-561.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4150/KPMI.2011.18.6.552

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9 Citations

Abstract PDF

This study attempted to manufacture a Cu-15 at.%Ga coating layer via the cold spray process and investigated the effect of heat treatment environment on the properties of cold sprayed coating material. Three kinds of heat treatment environments, 5%H_2+argon, pure argon, and vacuum were used in this study. Annealing treatments were conducted at 200sim800°C/1 hr. With the cold sprayed coating layer, pure alpha-Cu and small amounts of Ga_2O_3 were detected in the XRD, EDS, EPMA analyses. Porosity significantly decreased and hardness also decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The inhomogeneous dendritic microstructure of cold sprayed coating material changed to the homogeneous and dense one (microstructural evolution) with annealing heat treatment. Oxides near the interface of particles could be reduced by heat treatment especially in vacuum and argon environments. Vacuum environment during heat treatment was suggested to be most effective one to improve the densification and purification properties of cold sprayed Cu-15 at.%Ga coating material.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Manufacturing of Large-Scale Cold-Sprayed Ta Target Material and Its Sputtering Property
Gi-Su Ham, Dong-Yeol Wi, Jun-Mo Yang, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology.2019; 28(8): 1974. CrossRef
Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Microstructure and Propertiesof Kinetic Sprayed Nb Coating Material
Ji-Hye Lee, Sangsun Yang, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2016; 23(1): 15. CrossRef
Fabrication and Microstructure/Properties of Bulk-typeTantalum Material by a Kinetic Spray Process
Ji-Hye Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2016; 23(1): 8. CrossRef
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Microstructure and Properties of Kinetic Sprayed Tantalum Coating Layer
Ji-Hye Lee, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2015; 22(1): 32. CrossRef
The Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties of Kinetic-Sprayed Ta Coating Layer
Myeong Ju Lee, Jae Sung Oh, Hyung Jun Kim, Ik Hyun Oh, Kee Ahn Lee
Advanced Materials Research.2014; 893: 64. CrossRef
Manufacturing of Cu Repair Coating Material Using the Kinetic Spray Process and Changes in the Microstructures and Properties by Heat Treatment
Min-Gwang Jeon, Hyung-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(5): 349. CrossRef
Manufacturing and Properties of CGI-based Composite Coating Layer Utilizing a Warm Spray Process and Cu-Ga and Cu-In Mixed Powders
Min-Gwang Jeon, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyeong-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2014; 21(3): 229. CrossRef
Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Densification of Cold Sprayed Ti Coating Layer
Ji-Sang Yu, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(2): 110. CrossRef
Sintering and Rolling Behavior of Cu-50In-13Ga Ternary Alloy Powder for Sputtering Target
Dae-Won Kim, Yong-Ho Kim, Jung-Han Kim, Dae-Guen Kim, Jong-Hyeon Lee, Kwang-Bo Choi, Hyeon-Taek Son
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2012; 19(4): 264. CrossRef

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