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Macroporous ceramics with tailored pore size and shape could be used for well-established and emerging applications, such as molten metal filtration, biomaterial, catalysis, thermal insulation, hot gas filtration and diesel particulate filters. In these applications, unique properties of porous materials were required which could be achieved through the incorporation of macro-pores into ceramics. In this article, we reviewed the main processing techniques which can be used for the fabrication of macroporous ceramics with tailored microstructure. Partial sintering, replica templates, sacrificial fugutives, and direct foaming techniques was described here and compared in terms of micro-structures and mechanical properties that could be achieved. The main focus was given to the direct foaming technique which was simple and versatile approach that allowed the fabrication of macro-porous ceramics with tailored features and properties.

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Selective laser melting (SLM), a type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, leads a global manufacturing trend by enabling the design of geometrically complex products with topology optimization for optimized performance. Using this method, three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) data components can be built up directly in a layer-by-layer fashion using a high-energy laser beam for the selective melting and rapid solidification of thin layers of metallic powders. Although there are considerable expectations that this novel process will overcome many traditional manufacturing process limits, some issues still exist in applying the SLM process to diverse metallic materials, particularly regarding the formation of porosity. This is a major processing-induced phenomenon, and frequently observed in almost all SLM-processed metallic components. In this study, we investigate the mechanical anisotropy of SLM-produced 316L stainless steel based on microstructural factors and highly-oriented porosity. Tensile tests are performed to investigate the microstructure and porosity effects on mechanical anisotropy in terms of both strength and ductility.

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• Effect of temperature and impact loading condition on deformation behavior in 316L austenitic stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
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In this study, an experiment is performed to recover the Li in Li₂CO₃ phase from the cathode active material NMC (LiNiCoMnO₂) in waste lithium ion batteries. Firstly, carbonation is performed to convert the LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li₂MnO₃ phases within the powder to Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO. The carbonation for phase separation proceeds at a temperature range of 600°C~800°C in a CO₂ gas (300 cc/min) atmosphere. At 600~700°C, Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO are not completely separated, while Li and other metallic compounds remain. At 800 °C, we can confirm that LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li₂MnO₃ phases are separated into Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO phases. After completing the phase separation, by using the solubility difference of Li₂CO₃ and NiO, CoO, and MnO, we set the ratio of solution (distilled water) to powder after carbonation as 30:1. Subsequently, water leaching is carried out. Then, the Li₂CO₃ within the solution melts and concentrates, while NiO, MnO, and CoO phases remain after filtering. Thus, Li₂CO₃ can be recovered.

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This study explores the profound impact of varying oxygen content on microstructural and mechanical properties in specimens HO and LO. The higher oxygen concentration in specimen HO is found to significantly influence alpha lath sizes, resulting in a size of 0.5-1 μm, contrasting with the 1-1.5 μm size observed in specimen LO. Pore fraction, governed by oxygen concentration, is high in specimen HO, registering a value of 0.11%, whereas specimen LO exhibits a lower pore fraction (0.02%). Varied pore types in each specimen further underscore the role of oxygen concentration in shaping microstructural morphology. Despite these microstructural variations, the average hardness remains consistent at ~370 HV. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of oxygen content in influencing microstructural features, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between elemental composition and material properties.

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A well-established characterization method is required in powder bed fusion (PBF) metal additive manufacturing, where metal powder is used. The characterization methods from the traditional powder metallurgy process are still being used. However, it is necessary to develop advanced methods of property evaluation with the advances in additive manufacturing technology. In this article, the characterization methods of powders for metal PBF are reviewed, and the recent research trends are introduced. Standardization status and specifications for metal powder for the PBF process which published by the ISO, ASTM, and MPIF are also covered. The establishment of powder characterization methods are expected to contribute to the metal powder industry and the advancement of additive manufacturing technology through the creation of related databases.

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In this study, the electroless nickel plating method has been investigated for the coating of Ni nanoparticles onto fine Al powder as promising energetic materials. The adsorption of nickel nanoparticles onto the surface of Al powders has been studied by varying various process parameters, namely, the amounts of reducing agent, complexing agent, and pH-controller. The size of nickel nanoparticles synthesized in the process has been optimized to approximately 200 nm and they have been adsorbed on the Al powder. TGA results clearly show that the temperature at which oxidation of Al mainly occurs is lowered as the amount of Ni nanoparticles on the Al surface increases. Furthermore, the Ni-plated Al powders prepared for all conditions show improved exothermic reaction due to the selfpropagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) between Ni and Al. Therefore, Al powders fully coated by Ni nanoparticles show the highest exothermic reactivity: this demonstrates the efficiency of Ni coating in improving the energetic properties of Al powders.

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Powder injection molding (PIM), which combines the advantages of powder metallurgy and plastic injection molding technologies, has become one of the most efficient methods for the net-shape production of both metal and ceramic components. In this work, plasma display panel glass bodies are prepared by the PIM process. After sintering, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process is adopted for improving the density and mechanical properties of the PIMed glass bodies. The mechanical and thermal behaviors of the prepared specimens are analyzed through bending tests and dilatometric analysis, respectively. After HIPing, the flexural strength of the prepared glass body reaches up to 92.17 MPa, which is 1.273 and 2.178 times that of the fused glass body and PIMed bodies, respectively. Moreover, a thermal expansion coefficient of 7.816 × 10⁻⁶/°C is obtained, which coincides with that of the raw glass powder (7.5-8.0 × 10⁻⁶/°C), indicating that the glass body is fully densified after the HIP process.

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The CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA), which is the most widely known HEA with a single facecentered cubic structure, has attracted significant academic attention over the past decade owing to its outstanding multifunctional performance. Recent studies have suggested that CoCrFeMnNi-type HEAs exhibit excellent printability for selective laser melting (SLM) under a wide range of process conditions. Moreover, it has been suggested that SLM can not only provide great topological freedom of design but also exhibit excellent mechanical properties by overcoming the strength–ductility trade-off via producing a hierarchical heterogeneous microstructure. In this regard, the SLM-processed CoCrFeMnNi HEA has been extensively studied to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of microstructural evolution and resulting changes in mechanical properties. In this review, recent studies on CoCrFeMnNi-type HEAs produced using SLM are discussed with respect to process-induced microstructural evolution and the relationship between hierarchical heterogeneous microstructure and mechanical properties.

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Bulk graphite is manufactured using graphite scrap as the filler and phenolic resin as the binder. Graphite scrap, which is the by-product of processing the final graphite product, is pulverized and sieved by particle size. The relationship between the density and porosity is analyzed by measuring the mechanical properties of bulk graphite. The filler materials are sieved into mean particle sizes of 10.62, 23.38, 54.09, 84.29, and 126.64 μm. The bulk graphite density using the filler powder with a particle size of 54.09 μm is 1.38 g/cm³, which is the highest value in this study. The compressive strength tends to increase as the bulk graphite density increases. The highest compressive strength of 43.14 MPa is achieved with the 54.09 μm powder. The highest flexural strength of 23.08 MPa is achieved using the 10.62 μm powder, having the smallest average particle size. The compressive strength is affected by the density of bulk graphite, and the flexural strength is affected by the filler particle size of bulk graphite.

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A three-dimensional physical part can be fabricated from a three-dimensional digital model in a layer-wise manner via additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which is different from the conventional subtractive manufacturing technology. Numerous studies have been conducted to take advantage of the AM opportunities to penetrate bespoke custom product markets, functional engineering part markets, volatile low-volume markets, and spare part markets. Nevertheless, materials issues, machines issues, product issues, and qualification/certification issues still prevent the AM technology from being extensively adopted in industries. The present study briefly reviews the standard classification, technological structures, industrial applications, technological advances, and qualification/certification activities of the AM technology. The economics, productivity, quality, and reliability of the AM technology should be further improved to pass through the technology adoption lifecycle of innovation technology. The AM technology is continuously evolving through the introduction of PM materials, hybridization of AM and conventional manufacturing technologies, adoption of process diagnostics and control systems, and enhanced standardization of the whole lifecycle qualification and certification methodology.

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• Multi-step Metals Additive Manufacturing Technologies
  Ji-Won Oh, Jinsu Park, Hanshin Choi
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2020; 27(3): 256.     CrossRef
• Anisotropy in Green Body Bending Strength due to Additive Direction in the Binder-Jetting Additive Manufacturing Process
  Ji-Won Oh, Sahn Nahm, Byoungmoon Kim, Hanshin Choi
  Korean Journal of Metals and Materials.2019; 57(4): 227.     CrossRef
• Effect of Porosity on Mechanical Anisotropy of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting
  Jeong Min Park, Jin Myoung Jeon, Jung Gi Kim, Yujin Seong, Sun Hong Park, Hyoung Seop Kim
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2018; 25(6): 475.     CrossRef

In this study, Bi-Sb-Te thermoelectric materials are produced by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). To examine the influence of the milling atmosphere on the microstructure and thermo-electric (TE) properties, a p-type Bi-Sb-Te composite powder is mechanically alloyed in the presence of argon and air atmospheres. The oxygen content increases to 55% when the powder is milled in the air atmosphere, compared with argon. All grains are similar in size and uniformly, distributed in both atmospheric sintered samples. The Seebeck coefficient is higher, while the electrical conductivity is lower in the MA (Air) sample due to a low carrier concentration compared to the MA (Ar) sintered sample. The maximum figure of merit (ZT) is 0.91 and 0.82 at 350 K for the MA (Ar) and MA (Air) sintered samples, respectively. The slight enhancement in the ZT value is due to the decrease in the oxygen content during the MA (Ar) process. Moreover, the combination of mechanical alloying and SPS process shows a higher hardness and density values for the sintered samples.

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• Grain Size‐Dependent Thermoelectric Performances of Al2O3 Addition into BiSbTe Alloy During Heat Treatment Fabricated by Mechanical Alloying
  Ji‐Won Ha, Vasudevan Rathinam, Eun‐Ha Go, Soon‐Jik Hong
  Advanced Engineering Materials.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Revealing the improved thermoelectric performances of (BiSb)2Te3 alloy through rapid solidification of cold-water assisted water atomization approach
  Eun-Ha Go, Rathinam Vasudevan, Ji-Won Ha, Sung-Jae Jo, GeonWoo Baek, Soon-Jik Hong
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2025; 1010: 177548.     CrossRef
• Microstructural and Thermoelectric Properties of Heat-treated Al₂O₃ Doped BiSbTe Alloy
  Jiwon Ha, Vasudevan Rathinam, Eunha Go, Soonjik Hong
  Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy.2025; 72(Supplement): S983.     CrossRef
• Advancement of thermoelectric performances through the dispersion of expanded graphene on p-type BiSbTe alloys
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  Powder Metallurgy.2023; 66(5): 722.     CrossRef
• Influence of milling atmosphere on the structure and magnetic properties of mechanically alloyed Fe40Co30Ni30
  Alex Abraham Paul, Anuj Rathi, Ganesh Varma Thotakura, Tanjore V. Jayaraman
  Materials Chemistry and Physics.2021; 258: 123897.     CrossRef
• Enhancement of mechanical properties and thermoelectric performance of spark plasma sintered P-type Bismuth Telluride by powder surface oxide reduction
  Ahmed A. Abdelnabi, Vickram Lakhian, Joseph R. McDermid, Yu-Chih Tseng, James S. Cotton
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2021; 858: 157657.     CrossRef
• Solid solution evolution during mechanical alloying in Cu-Nb-Al compounds
  Kaouther Zaara, Mahmoud Chemingui, Virgil Optasanu, Mohamed Khitouni
  International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials.2019; 26(9): 1129.     CrossRef

In this study, STS316L powders prepared by gas atomization are used to manufacture bulk structures with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 10 mm³ using selective laser melting (SLM). The microstructures and hardness of the fabricated 316L stainless steel has been investigated with the laser beam overlap varied from 10% to 70%. The microstructures of the fabricated STS316L samples show a decrease in the balling and satellite of powders introducing defect in the bulk samples and the porosity caused by the gap between the molten metal pools disappearing as the overlap ratio increases, whereas a low overlap ratio results in significant balling and a large amount of isolated powders due to the increased gap between the melt pools. Furthermore, the highest value in Vickers hardness is obtained for the sample fabricated by 30% overlapped laser beams. These results show that the overlap ratio of laser beams in the SLM process should be considered as an important process parameter.

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• Fabrication and mechanical properties of Al–Si-based alloys by selective laser melting process
  Yeong Seong Eom, Kyung Tae Kim, Dong Won Kim, Soo ho Jung, Jung Woo Nam, Dong Yeol Yang, Jungho Choe, Ji Hun Yu, Injoon Son
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• Effect of laser remelting on the surface characteristics of 316L stainless steel fabricated via directed energy deposition
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• Investigation on Interfacial Microstructures of Stainless Steel/Inconel Bonded by Directed Energy Deposition of alloy Powders
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• Influence of Powder Size on Properties of Selectively Laser-Melted- AlSi10Mg Alloys
  Yeong Seong Eom, Dong Won Kim, Kyung Tae Kim, Sang Sun Yang, Jungho Choe, Injoon Son, Ji Hun Yu
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2020; 27(2): 103.     CrossRef
• Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of selective laser melted H13 tool steel under varying conditions
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  Materials Characterization.2019; 155: 109817.     CrossRef
• Microstructures and Characterization of Al-Si-Mg Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting with Post-Heat-treatment
  Gi Seung Lee, Yeong Seong Eom, Kyung Tae Kim, Byoung Kee Kim, Ji Hun Yu
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2019; 26(2): 138.     CrossRef
• Correlation between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Additive Manufactured H13 Tool Steel
  Woojin An, Junhyeok Park, Jungsub Lee, Jungho Choe, Im Doo Jung, Ji-Hun Yu, Sangshik Kim, Hyokyung Sung
  Korean Journal of Materials Research.2018; 28(11): 663.     CrossRef

In this study, H13 tool steel sculptures are built by a metal 3D printing process at various laser scan speeds. The properties of commercial H13 tool steel powders are confirmed for the metal 3D printing process used: powder bed fusion (PBF), which is a selective laser melting (SLM) process. Commercial H13 powder has an excellent flowability of 16.68 s/50 g with a Hausner ratio of 1.25 and a density of 7.68 g/cm³. The sculptures are built with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 in size using commercial H13 tool steel powder. The density measured by the Archimedes method is 7.64 g/cm³, similar to the powder density of 7.68 g/cm³. The hardness is measured by Rockwell hardness equipment 5 times to obtain a mean value of 54.28 HRC. The optimum process conditions in order to build the sculptures are a laser power of 90 W, a layer thickness of 25 μm, an overlap of 30%, and a laser scan speed of 200 mm/s.

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• Spheroidization of Enamel Powders by Radio Frequency Plasma Treatment and Application to Additive Manufacturing
  Ki-Bong Kim, Dong-Yeol Yang, Yong-Jin Kim, Jungho Choe, Ji-Na Kwak, Woo-Hyung Jung
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2020; 27(5): 388.     CrossRef
• Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of selective laser melted H13 tool steel under varying conditions
  Jungsub Lee, Jungho Choe, Junhyeok Park, Ji-Hun Yu, Sangshik Kim, Im Doo Jung, Hyokyung Sung
  Materials Characterization.2019; 155: 109817.     CrossRef
• Nano-mechanical Behavior of H13 Tool Steel Fabricated by a Selective Laser Melting Method
  Van Luong Nguyen, Eun-ah Kim, Jaecheol Yun, Jungho Choe, Dong-yeol Yang, Hak-sung Lee, Chang-woo Lee, Ji-Hun Yu
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• Correlation between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Additive Manufactured H13 Tool Steel
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  Korean Journal of Materials Research.2018; 28(11): 663.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Selective Laser Melted H13 Tool Steel Using Nanoindentation Tests
  Van Luong Nguyen, Eun-ah Kim, Seok-Rok Lee, Jaecheol Yun, Jungho Choe, Dong-yeol Yang, Hak-sung Lee, Chang-woo Lee, Ji-Hun Yu
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• Comparison of Nano-Mechanical Behavior between Selective Laser Melted SKD61 and H13 Tool Steels
  Jaecheol Yun, Van Luong Nguyen, Jungho Choe, Dong-Yeol Yang, Hak-Sung Lee, Sangsun Yang, Ji-Hun Yu
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• A study about sculpture characteristic of SKD61 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting(SLM) process
  Jaecheol Yun, Jungho Choe, Ki-Bong Kim, Sangsun Yang, Dong-Yeol Yang, Yong-Jin Kim, Chang-Woo Lee, Chang-Woo Lee
  Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2018; 25(2): 137.     CrossRef

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• Highly Stable and Rechargeable Lithium‐Ion Battery Using a Designed Organic PTVE‐Impregnated Porous Graphitic Carbon Composite
  Ji-Won Son, Jae Seob Lee, Hyun Ho Choi, Fanglin Wu, Hong-Il Kim, Tae Ju Kang, Hyun Woo Kim, Shan Fang, Ying Liu, Jung Sang Cho, Amar Patil
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• Hydrogen Reduction Behavior of NCM-based Lithium-ion Battery Cathode Materials
  So-Yeong Lee, So-Yeon Lee, Dae-Hyeon Lee, Ho-Sang Sohn
  journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2024; 31(2): 163.     CrossRef
• Effect of Calcination Temperature on Ionic Conductivity of All-solid State Battery Electrolytes
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• FeCO₃/rGO Composites Prepared by CO₂ Capture and Carbonate Conversion: Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Enhanced Performance
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• Recovery of Co and Ni from Strong Acidic Solution by Cyanex 301
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• The Effect of Fe and Fe2O3Powder Mixing Ratios on the Pore Properties of Fe Foam Fabricated by a Slurry Coating Process
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• Surface Treatment Method for Long-term Stability of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots
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• Growth mechanism of InP and InP/ZnS synthesis using colloidal synthesis
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• Exact piezoelectric solution for misfitted inclusion in finite spherical matrix: Applications to quantum dot core/shell crystals
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• Effect of Strut Thickness on Room and High Temperature Compressive Properties of Block-Type Ni-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metals
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• Evaluation of Creep Reliability of Powder Metallurgy and Cast-type Ni-based Superalloy by Using Ultrasonic Wave
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• Effect of Sintering Temperature on the High Temperature Oxidation of Fe-Cr-Al Powder Porous Metal Manufactured by Electrospray Process
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• Effect of Ball Milling Conditions on the Microstructure and Dehydrogenation Behavior of TiH2 Powder
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• Study on Manufacture of High Purity TiCl₄ and Synthesis of High Purity Ti Powders
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• Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature and Atmosphere on the Microstructure of TiH2-WO3 Powder Mixtures
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• Titanizing on the surface of iron metal foam
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• Study on synthesis of Zr–Ti alloy powder using molten magnesium
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• Direct synthesis of zirconium powder by magnesium reduction
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• Synthesis of Zr-Ti Alloy Powder by Magnesium Reduction
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• Sintering pressure effect on the performances of near-zero thermal expansion xLFCS/Cu metal matrix composites
  Chang Zhou, Hong Zhong, Hao Lu, Xuelu Pang, Congfa Zhang, Haowu Wang, Qiang Cong, Yuzhu Song, Naike Shi, Jiong Zhao, Xiangxu Meng, Jun Chen
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• Spark plasma sintered Al-0.5 wt% MWCNT nanocomposite: Effect of sintering pressure on the densification behavior and multi-scale mechanical properties
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• Manufacturing and Properties of CGI-based Composite Coating Layer Utilizing a Warm Spray Process and Cu-Ga and Cu-In Mixed Powders
  Min-Gwang Jeon, Myeong-Ju Lee, Hyeong-Jun Kim, Kee-Ahn Lee
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• Effect of particle size distribution on microstructure and mechanical properties of spark-plasma-sintered titanium from CP-Ti powders
  Je Ha Shon, In-Beom Song, Kyeong-Sik Cho, Yong-il Park, Jae-Keun Hong, Nho-Kwang Park, Myung-Hoon Oh
  International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2014; 15(4): 643.     CrossRef
• Effects of various sintering methods on microstructure and mechanical properties of CP-Ti powder consolidations
  Je-ha SHON, Jong-moon PARK, Kyeong-sik CHO, Jae-keun HONG, Nho-kwang PARK, Myung-hoon OH
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• Sintering and Rolling Behavior of Cu-50In-13Ga Ternary Alloy Powder for Sputtering Target
  Dae-Won Kim, Yong-Ho Kim, Jung-Han Kim, Dae-Guen Kim, Jong-Hyeon Lee, Kwang-Bo Choi, Hyeon-Taek Son
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• Effect of Heat Treatment Environment on the Properties of Cold Sprayed Cu-15 at.%Ga Coating Material for Sputtering Target
  Byung-Chul Choi, Dong-Yong Park, Hyung-Jun Kim, Ik-Hyun Oh, Kee-Ahn Lee
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Although the Ti–6Al–4V alloy has been used in the aircraft industry owing to its excellent mechanical properties and low density, the low formability of the alloy hinders broadening its applications. Recently, laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has become a novel process for overcoming the limitations of the alloy (i.e., low formability), owing to the high degree of design freedom for the geometry of products having outstanding performance used in hightech applications. In this study, to investigate the effect of bulk shape on the microstructure and mechanical properties of L-PBFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, two types of samples are fabricated using L-PBF: thick and thin samples. The thick sample exhibits lower strength and higher ductility than the thin sample owing to the larger grain size and lower residual dislocation density of the thick sample because of the heat input during the L-PBF process.

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• Effect of Support Structure on Residual Stress Distribution in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
  Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Min Jae Baek, Dong Jun Lee, Jae Wung Bae, Ji-Hun Yu, Jeong Min Park
  Journal of Powder Materials.2025; 32(3): 244.     CrossRef
• Cryogenic Tensile Behavior of Ferrous Medium-entropy Alloy Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
  Seungyeon Lee, Kyung Tae Kim, Ji-Hun Yu, Hyoung Seop Kim, Jae Wung Bae, Jeong Min Park
  journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2024; 31(1): 8.     CrossRef
• Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy through Selective Laser Melting: Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)
  Gargi Roy, Raj Narayan Hajra, Woo Hyeok Kim, Jongwon Lee, Sangwoo Kim, Jeoung Han Kim
  journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2024; 31(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Data-driven Approach to Explore the Contribution of Process Parameters for Laser Powder Bed Fusion of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  Jeong Min Park, Jaimyun Jung, Seungyeon Lee, Haeum Park, Yeon Woo Kim, Ji-Hun Yu
  journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute.2024; 31(2): 137.     CrossRef
• A Parametric Study on the L-PBF Process of an AlSi10Mg Alloy for High-Speed Productivity of Automotive Prototype Parts
  Yeonha Chang, Hyomoon Joo, Wanghyun Yong, Yeongcheol Jo, Seongjin Kim, Hanjae Kim, Yeon Woo Kim, Kyung Tae Kim, Jeong Min Park
  Journal of Powder Materials.2024; 31(5): 390.     CrossRef
• High-speed manufacturing-driven strength-ductility improvement of H13 tool steel fabricated by selective laser melting
  Yeon Woo Kim, Haeum Park, Young Seong Eom, Dong Gill Ahn, Kyung Tae Kim, Ji-hun Yu, Yoon Suk Choi, Jeong Min Park
  Powder Metallurgy.2023; 66(5): 582.     CrossRef

Rare earth magnets with excellent magnetic properties are indispensable in the electric device, wind turbine, and e-mobility industries. The demand for the development of eco-friendly recycling techniques has increased to realize sustainable green technology, and the supply of rare earth resources, which are critical for the production of permanent magnets, are limited. Liquid metal extraction (LME), which is a type of pyrometallurgical recycling, is known to selectively extract the metal forms of rare earth elements. Although several studies have been carried out on the formation of intermetallic compounds and oxides, the effect of oxide formation on the extraction efficiency in the LME process remains unknown. In this study, microstructural and phase analyses are conducted to confirm the oxidation behavior of magnets pulverized by a jaw crusher. The LME process is performed with pulverized scrap, and extraction percentages are calculated to confirm the effect of the oxide phases on the extraction of Dy during the reaction. During the LME p rocess, Nd i s completely e xtracted a fter 6 h, w hile D y remains as D y₂Fe₁₇ and Dy-oxide. Because the decomposition rate of Dy₂Fe₁₇ is faster than the reduction rate of Dy-oxide, the importance of controlling Dy-oxide on Dy extraction is confirmed.

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• Manipulation of reactivity based on metallic adsorption in magnesium alloy scraps for rare-earth recycling by liquid metal extraction
  Sangmin Park, Yoonhyung Keum, Jaeyun Jeong, Seunghun Cha, Ju-Young Cho, Hyunchul Kim, Jiseong Lee, Taek-Soo Kim, Dae-Kyeom Kim, Myungsuk Song
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2025; 1022: 178711.     CrossRef
• A Review of the Current Progress in High-Temperature Recycling Strategies for Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Magnet Waste
  Ali Zakeri, Leili Tafaghodi
  Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy.2025; 11(1): 88.     CrossRef
• Selective growth of Nb–Fe–B intermetallic compounds for the direct separation of rare earths based on manipulating liquation
  Sangmin Park, Jaeyun Jeong, Seunghun Cha, Yoonhyung Keum, Ju-Young Cho, Hyungbeen Park, Taek-Soo Kim, Dae-Kyeom Kim, Myungsuk Song
  Materials Today Sustainability.2024; 28: 101042.     CrossRef
• Separation and recovery Nd and Dy from Mg-REEs alloy by vacuum distillation
  Sangmin Park, Dae-Kyeom Kim, Jaeyun Jeong, Jae Hong Shin, Yujin Kang, Rongyu Liu, Taek-Soo Kim, Myungsuk Song
  Journal of Alloys and Compounds.2023; 967: 171775.     CrossRef
• The Supported Boro-Additive Effect for the Selective Recovery of Dy Elements from Rare-Earth-Elements-Based Magnets
  Sangmin Park, Dae-Kyeom Kim, Javid Hussain, Myungsuk Song, Taek-Soo Kim
  Materials.2022; 15(9): 3032.     CrossRef
• Influence of Dysprosium Compounds on the Extraction Behavior of Dy from Nd-Dy-Fe-B Magnet Using Liquid Magnesium
  Sun-Woo Nam, Sang-Min Park, Mohammad Zarar Rasheed, Myung-Suk Song, Do-Hyang Kim, Taek-Soo Kim
  Metals.2021; 11(9): 1345.     CrossRef

Graphene oxide (GO) powder processed by Hummer's method is mixed with p-type Bi₂Te₃ based thermoelectric materials by a high-energy ball milling process. The synthesized GO-dispersed p-type Bi₂Te₃ composite powder has a composition of Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃ (BSbT), and the powder is consolidated into composites with different contents of GO powder by using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. It is found that the addition of GO powder significantly decreases the thermal conductivity of the pure BSbT material through active phonon scattering at the newly formed interfaces. In addition, the electrical properties of the GO/BSbT composites are degraded by the addition of GO powder except in the case of the 0.1 wt% GO/BSbT composite. It is found that defects on the surface of GO powder hinder the electrical transport properties. As a result, the maximum thermoelectric performance (ZT value of 0.91) is achieved from the 0.1% GO/BSbT composite at 398 K. These results indicate that introducing GO powder into thermoelectric materials is a promising method to achieve enhanced thermoelectric performance due to the reduction in thermal conductivity.

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The recent rise in applications of thermoelectric materials has attracted interest in studies toward the fabrication of thermoelectric materials using mass production techniques. In this study, we successfully fabricate n-type Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 material by a combination of mass production powder metallurgy techniques, gas atomization, and spark plasma sintering. In addition, to examine the effects of hydrogen reduction in the microstructure, the thermoelectric and mechanical properties are measured and analyzed. Here, almost 60% of the oxygen content of the powder are eliminated after hydrogen reduction for 4 h at 360°C. Micrographs of the powder show that the reduced powder had a comparatively clean surface and larger grain sizes than unreduced powder. The density of the consolidated bulk using as-atomized powder and reduced atomized powder exceeds 99%. The thermoelectric power factor of the sample prepared by reduction of powder is 20% better than that of the sample prepared using unreduced powder.

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